Is Vitamin C Coenzyme
Vitamins and Coenzymes
Water - Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin B1 - thiamine
- Converted to thiamine pyrophosphate coenzyme
- Acts by nucleophilic attack on C = O
- Permits C - C bond cleavage and formation
- Vitamin B2 - riboflavin
- Incorperated in FMN (Flavin MonoNucleotide) and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) coenzymes
- Acts in Redox Reactions
- Can accept and donate 2 e- and 2 H+
- Vitamin B6 - pyridoxal (-ol, -amine)
- Converted to pyridoxal phosphate coenzyme
- Acts by forming Schiff base with -NH 2 of substrate
- Permits cleavage of C - C, C - O, C - S, C - H, and C - N bonds in area of attachment
- Very versatile, but amino group needed in substrate
- Vitamin B12 - cyanocobalamin
- Coordination complex of Co+ in a corrin ring
- Converted to 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin coenzyme
- Acts to exchange -H and another group on adjacent C's
- Transfers Methyl group from Me-THF to homocycteine to synthesize Met
- Nicotinamide (NIacin, nicotinic ACid vimintIN)
- Converted to NAD and NADP coenzymes
- Functions in Redox Reactions by accepting and donating 2e- and 1 H+
- Pantothenic Acid
- Converted to Phospho-form coenzyme
- Activates Acyl moieties for condensation and enolization
- Biotin (vitamin H)
- Coenzyme
- Incorperates CO2 in B carboxylation reactions
- "Binds the egg white glycoprotein avidin with Kd = 10-15 M
- Vitamins #5-7 are part of the B complex
- Vitamin C - ascorbic acid ("antiscorbutic") ("anti-scurvy")
- involved in hydroxylation of proline in collagen, therefore important for wound healing
- Prevent common cold? How?
- Folic Acid - pteroylglutamic acid
- Converted to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)
- Carries C-1 groups at all oxidation levels
- More properly considered a substrate than a coenzyme
Non-Vitamin Coenzyme
- Lipoic Acid
- (Isolated in 1951 by Lester Reed at UT-Austin - he obtained 30mg from 10 tons of liver residue.)
- Relays electrons and acetyl groups between catalytic subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin A - trans-retinol
- Converted to visual pigment cis-retinal
- (Also contributes to animal growth and development - How? Retinoic acid?)
- Vitamin D - 7-dehydrocholesterol
- Converted to hormone 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3
- (Stimulates gene expression to regulate calcium metabolism)
- Vitamin E - a-tocopherol
- Antioxidant
- Prevents sterility - in rats, How?
- Vitamin K - phylloquinone in plants; menaquinone in aminals and bacteria
- Cofactor for formation of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in serine proteases of blood clotting cascade, and some other Ca++ binding proteins.
-
, chelates Ca++ - e.g. 1st 10 glu residues of prothrombin are converted to gamma-carboxyglu, by addition of CO2.
Is Vitamin C Coenzyme
Source: https://www.utdallas.edu/~rmarsh/ClassNotes/biochem/Biochem1/Vitamins%20and%20Coenzymes/Vitamins_and_Coenzymes.html