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Is Vitamin C Coenzyme

Is Vitamin C Coenzyme

Vitamins and Coenzymes


Water - Soluble Vitamins

  1. Vitamin B1 - thiamine
    • Converted to thiamine pyrophosphate coenzyme
    • Acts by nucleophilic attack on C = O
    • Permits C - C bond cleavage and formation
  1. Vitamin B2 - riboflavin
    • Incorperated in FMN (Flavin MonoNucleotide) and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) coenzymes
    • Acts in Redox Reactions
    • Can accept and donate 2 e- and 2 H+
  1. Vitamin B6 - pyridoxal (-ol, -amine)
    • Converted to pyridoxal phosphate coenzyme
    • Acts by forming Schiff base with -NH 2 of substrate
    • Permits cleavage of C - C, C - O, C - S, C - H, and C - N bonds in area of attachment
    • Very versatile, but amino group needed in substrate
  1. Vitamin B12 - cyanocobalamin
    • Coordination complex of Co+ in a corrin ring
    • Converted to 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin coenzyme
    • Acts to exchange -H and another group on adjacent C's
    • Transfers Methyl group from Me-THF to homocycteine to synthesize Met
  1. Nicotinamide (NIacin, nicotinic ACid vimintIN)
    • Converted to NAD and NADP coenzymes
    • Functions in Redox Reactions by accepting and donating 2e- and 1 H+
  1. Pantothenic Acid
    • Converted to Phospho-form coenzyme
    • Activates Acyl moieties for condensation and enolization
  1. Biotin (vitamin H)
    • Coenzyme
    • Incorperates CO2 in B carboxylation reactions
    • "Binds the egg white glycoprotein avidin with Kd = 10-15 M
    • Vitamins #5-7 are part of the B complex
  1. Vitamin C - ascorbic acid ("antiscorbutic") ("anti-scurvy")
    • involved in hydroxylation of proline in collagen, therefore important for wound healing
    • Prevent common cold? How?
  1. Folic Acid - pteroylglutamic acid
    • Converted to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)
    • Carries C-1 groups at all oxidation levels
    • More properly considered a substrate than a coenzyme

Non-Vitamin Coenzyme

  1. Lipoic Acid
    • (Isolated in 1951 by Lester Reed at UT-Austin - he obtained 30mg from 10 tons of liver residue.)
    • Relays electrons and acetyl groups between catalytic subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Lipid-Soluble Vitamins

  1. Vitamin A - trans-retinol
    • Converted to visual pigment cis-retinal
    • (Also contributes to animal growth and development - How? Retinoic acid?)
  1. Vitamin D - 7-dehydrocholesterol
    • Converted to hormone 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3
    • (Stimulates gene expression to regulate calcium metabolism)
  1. Vitamin E - a-tocopherol
    • Antioxidant
    • Prevents sterility - in rats, How?
  1. Vitamin K - phylloquinone in plants; menaquinone in aminals and bacteria
    • Cofactor for formation of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in serine proteases of blood clotting cascade, and some other Ca++ binding proteins.
    • , chelates Ca++
    • e.g. 1st 10 glu residues of prothrombin are converted to gamma-carboxyglu, by addition of CO2.

Is Vitamin C Coenzyme

Source: https://www.utdallas.edu/~rmarsh/ClassNotes/biochem/Biochem1/Vitamins%20and%20Coenzymes/Vitamins_and_Coenzymes.html